It’s a trap: sampling bias due to animal personality is not always inevitable

Sampling bias resulting from animal personality.

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Animal personality due to social niche specialisation.

The existence of 'animal personality', i.e. consistent individual differences in behaviour across time and contexts, is an evolutionary puzzle that has recently generated considerable research interest. Although social factors are generally considered to be important, it is as yet unclear how they might select for personality. Drawing from ecological niche theory, we explore how social conflict...

Hypomagnesaemia due to malabsorption is not always responsive to oral magnesium oxide supplementation alone.

Air crescent sign: not always due to fungal infection.

A 65-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to hemoptysis once for 1 day. Cough with some whitish sputum but no fever or body weight loss was noted. Her medical history included hypertension, which was under regular medical control. She denied any smoking history. A physical examination revealed no remarkable findings. The chest radio-graph obtained on hospital admission revealed suspe...

Postprandial angina: not always due to stenotic coronary artery disease.

Ghosh GC, et al. BMJ Case Rep 2017. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-223030 Description A 68-year-old man presented with history of postprandial angina for 6 months. He was a diabetic and hypertensive for 10 years. He was also a reformed smoker with 20 pack-years history of smoking. He did not give any history of acute coronary syndrome or any cardiac catheterisation. Clinical examination was unremarkable....